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            The 2021 Nobel Prize in physics

        Nobel Prize is an international award Adminitrated by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. It is awarded separately in six different fields, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. It is in fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. 

      

            A person or organisation awarded the Nobel Prize is called Nobel laureate. The first Nobel Prize were awarded in 1901. The peace Prize for that year was shared between the Frenchman Frederick Passy and the Swis Jean Henry Dunant. 

How Nobel Prize has been awarded over the years

Between 1901 and 2020, the Nobel Prizes and the prize in economic sciences were awarded 603 times.

Nobel Prize	Number of prizes	Number of laureates	Awarded to one laureate	Shared by two laureates	Shared by three laureates
Physics	114	216	47	32	35
Chemistry	112	186	63	24	25
Medicine	112	224	39	33	39
Literature	113	117	109	4	–
Peace	101	107+28	69	30	2
Economic sciences	52	86	25	20	7
Total	603	962

          The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has announced the recipients of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics. The 2021 Noble prize has been awarded jointly to Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems. 

List of 10 most recent Nobel Physics Prize winners

2020	Roger Penrose (Britain), Reinhard Genzel (Germany) and Andrea Ghez (US) for their research into black holes.
2019	James Peebles (Canada-US) for discoveries explaining the universe's evolution after the Big Bang, and Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz (Switzerland) for the first discovery of an exoplanet.
2018	Arthur Ashkin (US), Gerard Mourou (France) and Donna Strickland (Canada) for inventions in the laser field used for advanced precision instruments in corrective eye surgery and industry.
2017	Barry Barish, Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss (US) for the discovery of gravitational waves, a phenomenon predicted by Albert Einstein a century ago as part of his theory of general relativity.
2016	David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz (Britain) for their study of strange phenomena in unusual phases, or states, of matter, such as superconductors, superfluids or thin magnetic films.
2015	Takaaki Kajita (Japan) and Arthur McDonald (Canada) for their work on neutrinos.
2014	Isamu Akasaki (Japan), Hiroshi Amano (Japan) and Shuji Nakamura (US) for their work on LED lamps.
2013	Peter Higgs (Britain) and Francois Englert (Belgium) for their work on the so-called Higgs boson, a subatomic particle that gives mass to other particles.
2012	Serge Haroche (France) and David Wineland (US) for experimental methods used to measure and manipulate quantum systems.
2011	Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess (US) and Brian Schmidt (US-Australian) for discovering the accelerating expansion of the universe.

                Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann have been jointly awarded one half of prize the " For the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming.   About 10 years later, Hasselmann developed a critical model, which links weather and climate, showing that climate changes, unlike weather can be reliably predicted. Manabe and Hasselmann awarded for work in physical modelling of Earth's climate , quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. Hasselmann demonstrated how increases in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would increase global temperatures, laying the foundations for current climate models. Klaus Hasselmann hails from Germany. 

               Giorgio Parisi awarded for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales. He built a deep physical and mathematical model that made it possible to understand complex systems in fields like Mathematics, Biology, Neuroscience and Machine learning. Parisi is from Italy. 

Klaus Hasselmann:

         Klaus Ferdinand Hasselmann, born 25 October 1931 is a German oceanographer and climate modeller. 

- professor Emeritus at the University of Hamburg and former director of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. 

Giorgio Parisi:  

                 Giorgio Parisi, born 4 August 1948 is an Italian theoretical physicist. Education from Sapienza University. 

- Known for Statistical mechanics, quantum field theory, spin glass, complea systems. 

Syukuro Manabe:

          Syukuro Manabe, born 21 September 1931 is a Japanese - educated American meteorologist and climatologist. Education from University of Tokyo.