What is paint?
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable Or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, colour or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colours and in many different types, such as water colour, synthetic etc. Paint is typically stored, sold and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid.
Paint was made with the yolk of eggs and therefore, the substance would harden and adhere to the surface it was applied to. Pigment was made from plants, sand, and different soils. Most paints used either oil or water as a base (the dilutant, solvent or vehicle for pigment).
By the proper onset of the Industrial Revolution, Paint was being ground in steam-powdered mills and an alternative to lead-based pigments was found in white derivatives of zinc oxide. Interior house painting increasingly become the norm as the 19th century progressed, both for decorative reasons and because of the paint was effective in preventing the walls rotting from damp. Linseed oil was also increasingly used as an inexpensive binder.
Due to World War-2, there was a shortage of linseed oil in the supply market, artificial resins, or alkyds were invented. Cheap and easy to make, they also held the colour well and lasted for a long time.
Ingredients of paints:
The important ingredients of paints are as follows:
1) Binder (or film former) :
The binder is the film forming component of paint. It is the only component that must be applied and must be thinned. The type of thinner varies with the binder. The thinner is also called the vehicle, because it makes it possible to transfer the binder to the surface with a brush, roller or sprayer.
Varnish:
It contains primarily the binder and the vehicle plus some dries. If you add pigment to provide colour and opacity to a varnish you create, an enamel. Enamels therefore contain three primary type of ingredients found in all paints- a) binder b) vehicle c) pigment. The binder imparts properties such as gloss, durability, flexibility and toughness.
2) Solvent (diluent) :
The main purposes of the solvent are to dissolve the polymer and adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and dose not become part of the paint film. It also controls flow and application properties, and in some cases can affect the stability of the paint while in liquid state. It's main function is as the carrier for the non-volatile components. These volatile substances impart their properties temporarily once the solvent has evaporated, the remaining paint is fixed to surface.
Some paints have no diluent. Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints, even the co-solvent types. Paints can have various combinations of organic solvents as the diluent, including aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, ketones and white spirit.
3) Pigments and Filler:
Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute colour. Fillers are granular solids incorporate to impart toughness, texture, give the paint special properties or to reduce the cost of the paint. Some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure and increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as lime, talc, clay, barytes etc. Not all paints include fillers, some paints contain large properties of pigments/ filler and binder.
Some pigments are toxic, such as lead pigments that are used in lead paint. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica /alumina/ zirconium for better exterior durability hiding performance promoted to more optimal spacing within the paint film.
Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wife variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet proved a significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow properties, improve the finished appearance, increase wet edge, improve pigments stability, impart antifreeze properties, control foaming, control skinning etc. Other types of additives include catalyts, thickners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, UV stabilizers, flatteners, biocides to fight bacterial growth and the like.
Additives normally do not significantly alter the% of individual components in a formulation.
By using varients following types of paints are prepared.
It is a preparatory coating put on materials before applying the paint itself. The printed surface ensures better adhesion of the paint, thereby increasing the durability of the paint and providing improved protection for the painted surface. Suitable primers also may block and seal stains, or hide a colour that to be painted over.
These are water-based paints in which the paint material is dispersed in a liquid that consists mainly of water. It has advantages in fast drying, low toxicity, low cost, easier application; and easier cleaning equipment, among other factors.
It is generally used on ceilings or walls that are in bad shape. This finish is useful for hiding imperfections in walls and it is economical in effectively covering relatively great areas. This finish is not easily washable and is subject to staining.
It is generally similar to flat finish, but such paints commonly offer superiority, washability and coverage.
It is a type of paint that is formulated to be very "thin" (Low in viscosity), so that the pigments soaks into a material such as wood rather than remaining in a film on the surface. Stain is mainly dissolved pigment or dye plus binder material in solvent. It is designated to add colour without providing a surface coating.
It is formulated to give an especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Some enamel paints contain fine glass powder or metal flake instead of the colour pigments in standard oil-based paints. Enamel paints sometimes is mixed with varnish or urethane to improve its shine and hardness.
It is a fluid that sets as an elastic membrane that can stretch without harm. It provides UV protection to polyurethane foam and is widely used in roof restoration.
These are formulations suitable for application with the fingers. They are popular for use by children in primary school activities.
Inks are similar to paints, except that they are typically made using finely ground pigments or dyes, and are not designed to have a thick film of binder. They are used largely for writing or calligraphy.
It reduces the rate of thermal transfer through a surface it is applied to. One type of formulation is based on the addition of hollow microspheres to any suitable type of paint.
It is specially used to marking and painting road traffic signs and lines, to form a durable coating film on the road surface. It must be fast drying, provide a thick coating, and resist wear and slipping, especially in wet conditions.
It exhibits luminescence. In other words, it gives off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence or Radioluminescence.
Waterborne, High solids solvent based, UV-curved coatings: As compared to traditional solvent- based paints, these technologies have low price and good performance. These coating meet regulatory and consumer requirements, have low-to-no VOCs, exhibit low-to-no odour, and can be applied over an expanded temperature and humidity range. They also have properties that equal or beat their solvent-based counterparts.
Some of these formulations incorporate new hybrid resins that combine two or more different types of chemistries that each contribute desirable properties. This technology has made it possible to achieve improved performance in water-based coatings.
From nanoparticles to nanosized resins have been shown to enhance performance in a number of ways, imparting improved anti-microbial, anti-static, corrosion and scratch resistance, mechanical and optical properties. New pigments, anti-corrosive agents and biocides have been identified that afford excellent colour and appearance, superior rust protection and excellent anti-microbial activity.
Formulators have focused efforts in developing coatings designed to save energy once applied to a surface. Roof coatings containing specially designed resins and pigments contribute to measurably lower cooling and heating costs for many industrial and residental buildings.
1) Many producers have refined their production equipment and systems to reduce energy and water consumption and dramatically lower emissions to the environment.
2) Extensive recycling, redesign of polymerisation reactors and mixing tanks, and new cleaning procedures are used to improve the quality and quantity of paint production.
3) The use of stir-in pigments that are more easily dispersible have resulted in reduced waste, lower overall cost and increased colour consistency.
4) Paint manufacturers have developed new coatings that take less time and energy to dry. Entire steps in the coating process have been eliminated through the introduction of formulations that perform as well with one coat as they did with an older, two-coat system.
5) Advances in spraying equipment and booth technology have also dramatically reduced waste in the application process.
6) New pre-treatment systems based on zirconium oxide as a replacement for zinc phosphate, require fewer steps, avoid the use of heavy metals and consume less water and energy.
A Coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate.
The important properties of coating are as follows:
# 1) Adhesive: adhesive tape, pressure sensitive labels, iron-on fabric.
# 2) Changing adhesion properties:
a) Non-stick PTFE coated cooking pans.
b) Release coatings.
c) primers encourage subsequent coatings to adhere well.
# 3) Optical coatings:
a) Reflective coatings for mirrors.
b) Anti-reflective coatings-on spectacles.
c) UV-absorbent coatings for protection of eyes.
d) Tinted-Sunglasses, tinted glazing.
# 4) Catalytic: Some self cleaning glass.
# 5) Protective:
a) Most paints are to some extent protecting the substrate.
b) Hard anti-scratch coating on plastics and others materials; improve wear resistance.
c) Anti-corrosion.
d) Water-proof fabric and water proof paper.
e) Antimicrobial surface.
# 6) Magnetic properties:
Cassette tapes, floppy disks and some mass transit tickets.
# 7) Electrial properties:
a) Conductive coatings e. g. to manufacturere some types of resistors.
b) Insulating Coatings e.g. On magnet wires used in transformers.
# 8) Seent properties:
Scratch and sniff stickers and labels.
Some pigments are toxic, such as lead pigments that are used in lead paint. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica /alumina/ zirconium for better exterior durability hiding performance promoted to more optimal spacing within the paint film.
4) Additives:
Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wife variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet proved a significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow properties, improve the finished appearance, increase wet edge, improve pigments stability, impart antifreeze properties, control foaming, control skinning etc. Other types of additives include catalyts, thickners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, UV stabilizers, flatteners, biocides to fight bacterial growth and the like.
Additives normally do not significantly alter the% of individual components in a formulation.
So, this are the main ingredients of Paints.
Classification of Paints:
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| Classification of Paints |
By using varients following types of paints are prepared.
1) Primer:
It is a preparatory coating put on materials before applying the paint itself. The printed surface ensures better adhesion of the paint, thereby increasing the durability of the paint and providing improved protection for the painted surface. Suitable primers also may block and seal stains, or hide a colour that to be painted over.
2) Emulsion paints:
These are water-based paints in which the paint material is dispersed in a liquid that consists mainly of water. It has advantages in fast drying, low toxicity, low cost, easier application; and easier cleaning equipment, among other factors.
3) Flat Finish Paints:
It is generally used on ceilings or walls that are in bad shape. This finish is useful for hiding imperfections in walls and it is economical in effectively covering relatively great areas. This finish is not easily washable and is subject to staining.
4) Matte Finish Paints:
It is generally similar to flat finish, but such paints commonly offer superiority, washability and coverage.
5) Wood stain paints:
It is a type of paint that is formulated to be very "thin" (Low in viscosity), so that the pigments soaks into a material such as wood rather than remaining in a film on the surface. Stain is mainly dissolved pigment or dye plus binder material in solvent. It is designated to add colour without providing a surface coating.
6) Enamel:
It is formulated to give an especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Some enamel paints contain fine glass powder or metal flake instead of the colour pigments in standard oil-based paints. Enamel paints sometimes is mixed with varnish or urethane to improve its shine and hardness.
7) A roof coating:
It is a fluid that sets as an elastic membrane that can stretch without harm. It provides UV protection to polyurethane foam and is widely used in roof restoration.
8) Finger paints:
These are formulations suitable for application with the fingers. They are popular for use by children in primary school activities.
9) Inks:
Inks are similar to paints, except that they are typically made using finely ground pigments or dyes, and are not designed to have a thick film of binder. They are used largely for writing or calligraphy.
10) Insulating paints:
It reduces the rate of thermal transfer through a surface it is applied to. One type of formulation is based on the addition of hollow microspheres to any suitable type of paint.
11) Road marking paint:
It is specially used to marking and painting road traffic signs and lines, to form a durable coating film on the road surface. It must be fast drying, provide a thick coating, and resist wear and slipping, especially in wet conditions.
12) Luminous Paint:
It exhibits luminescence. In other words, it gives off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence or Radioluminescence.
New Technologies for Formulation:
Waterborne, High solids solvent based, UV-curved coatings: As compared to traditional solvent- based paints, these technologies have low price and good performance. These coating meet regulatory and consumer requirements, have low-to-no VOCs, exhibit low-to-no odour, and can be applied over an expanded temperature and humidity range. They also have properties that equal or beat their solvent-based counterparts.
Some of these formulations incorporate new hybrid resins that combine two or more different types of chemistries that each contribute desirable properties. This technology has made it possible to achieve improved performance in water-based coatings.
Nanomaterials :
From nanoparticles to nanosized resins have been shown to enhance performance in a number of ways, imparting improved anti-microbial, anti-static, corrosion and scratch resistance, mechanical and optical properties. New pigments, anti-corrosive agents and biocides have been identified that afford excellent colour and appearance, superior rust protection and excellent anti-microbial activity.
Formulators have focused efforts in developing coatings designed to save energy once applied to a surface. Roof coatings containing specially designed resins and pigments contribute to measurably lower cooling and heating costs for many industrial and residental buildings.
Advanced Process Technologies:
1) Many producers have refined their production equipment and systems to reduce energy and water consumption and dramatically lower emissions to the environment.
2) Extensive recycling, redesign of polymerisation reactors and mixing tanks, and new cleaning procedures are used to improve the quality and quantity of paint production.
3) The use of stir-in pigments that are more easily dispersible have resulted in reduced waste, lower overall cost and increased colour consistency.
4) Paint manufacturers have developed new coatings that take less time and energy to dry. Entire steps in the coating process have been eliminated through the introduction of formulations that perform as well with one coat as they did with an older, two-coat system.
5) Advances in spraying equipment and booth technology have also dramatically reduced waste in the application process.
6) New pre-treatment systems based on zirconium oxide as a replacement for zinc phosphate, require fewer steps, avoid the use of heavy metals and consume less water and energy.
Properties of Coating:
A Coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate.
The important properties of coating are as follows:
# 1) Adhesive: adhesive tape, pressure sensitive labels, iron-on fabric.
# 2) Changing adhesion properties:
a) Non-stick PTFE coated cooking pans.
b) Release coatings.
c) primers encourage subsequent coatings to adhere well.
# 3) Optical coatings:
a) Reflective coatings for mirrors.
b) Anti-reflective coatings-on spectacles.
c) UV-absorbent coatings for protection of eyes.
d) Tinted-Sunglasses, tinted glazing.
# 4) Catalytic: Some self cleaning glass.
# 5) Protective:
a) Most paints are to some extent protecting the substrate.
b) Hard anti-scratch coating on plastics and others materials; improve wear resistance.
c) Anti-corrosion.
d) Water-proof fabric and water proof paper.
e) Antimicrobial surface.
# 6) Magnetic properties:
Cassette tapes, floppy disks and some mass transit tickets.
# 7) Electrial properties:
a) Conductive coatings e. g. to manufacturere some types of resistors.
b) Insulating Coatings e.g. On magnet wires used in transformers.
# 8) Seent properties:
Scratch and sniff stickers and labels.
